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	<rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft		<rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft
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			<link href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-iab-nemops-workshop-report-
			latest" rel="prev"/>
	<front>		<front>
	<title abbrev="NEMOPS Workshop Report">Report from the IAB Workshop on the N ext Era of Network Management Operations (NEMOPS)</title>		<title abbrev="NEMOPS Workshop Report">Report from the IAB Workshop on the N ext Era of Network Management Operations (NEMOPS)</title>
	<seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-iab-nemops-workshop-report-04 "/>		<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9968"/>
	<author fullname="Wes Hardaker">		<author fullname="Wes Hardaker">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>hardaker@isi.edu</email>		<email>hardaker@isi.edu</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author fullname="Dhruv Dhody">		<author fullname="Dhruv Dhody">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>dd@dhruvdhody.com</email>		<email>dd@dhruvdhody.com</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2025" month="August" day="29"/>		<date year="2026" month="April"/>
	<keyword>YANG</keyword>		<keyword>YANG</keyword>
	<keyword>NETCONF</keyword>		<keyword>NETCONF</keyword>
	<keyword>RESTCONF</keyword>		<keyword>RESTCONF</keyword>
	<keyword>NMOPS</keyword>		<keyword>NMOPS</keyword>
	<keyword>RFC3535</keyword>		<keyword>RFC3535</keyword>
	<abstract>		<abstract>
	<?line 342?>		<?line 351?>
	<t>The "Next Era of Network Management Operations (NEMOPS)" workshop was convene		<t>The "Next Era of Network Management Operations (NEMOPS)" workshop was convene
	d by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from December 3-5, 2024, as a three-d		d by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from December 3-5, 2024 as a three-da
	ay online meeting. It builds on a previous 2002 workshop, the outcome of which w		y online meeting. It builds on a previous 2002 workshop, the outcome of which wa
	as documented in RFC 3535, identifying 14 operator requirements for consideratio		s documented in RFC 3535, identifying 14 operator requirements for consideration
	n in future network management protocol design and related data models, along wi		in future network management protocol design and related data models, along wit
	th some recommendations for the IETF. Much has changed in the Internet’s operati		h some recommendations for the IETF. Much has changed in the Internet's operatio
	on and technological foundations since then. The NEMOPS workshop reviewed the pa		n and technological foundations since then. The NEMOPS workshop reviewed the pas
	st outcomes and discussed any operational barriers that prevented these technolo		t outcomes and discussed any operational barriers that prevented these technolog
	gies from being widely implemented. With the industry, network operators and pro		ies from being widely implemented. With the industry, network operators and prot
	tocol engineers working in collaboration, the workshop developed a suggested pla		ocol engineers working in collaboration, the workshop developed a suggested plan
	n of action and network management recommendations for the IETF and IRTF. Buildi		of action and network management recommendations for the IETF and IRTF. Buildin
	ng on RFC 3535, this document provides the report of the follow-up IAB workshop		g on RFC 3535, this document provides the report of the follow-up IAB workshop o
	on Network Management.</t>		n network management.</t>
	<t>Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are those of the workshop par ticipants and do not necessarily reflect IAB views and positions.</t>		<t>Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are those of the workshop par ticipants and do not necessarily reflect IAB views and positions.</t>
	</abstract>		</abstract>
	<note removeInRFC="true">
	<name>About This Document</name>
	<t>
	The latest revision of this draft can be found at <eref target="https://
	intarchboard.github.io/draft-iab-nemops-workshop-report/draft-iab-nemops-worksho
	p-report.html"/>.
	Status information for this document may be found at <eref target="https
	://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-iab-nemops-workshop-report/"/>.
	</t>
	<t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
	<eref target="https://github.com/intarchboard/draft-iab-nemops-workshop-
	report"/>.</t>
	</note>
	</front>		</front>
	<middle>		<middle>
	<?line 347?>		<?line 356?>
	<section anchor="introduction">		<section anchor="introduction">
	<name>Introduction</name>		<name>Introduction</name>
	<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) holds occasional workshops design		<!-- Reference review notes:
	ed to consider long-term issues and strategies for the Internet, and to suggest		* WiPs
	future directions for the Internet architecture. This long-term planning functi
	on of the IAB is complementary to the ongoing engineering efforts performed by w		[I-D.boucadair-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later]
	orking groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).</t>		draft-ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later-01
	<t>The IAB organized a workshop in 2002 to establish a dialog between netw		IESG State: I-D Exists as of 12/24/25
	ork operators and protocol developers, and to guide the IETF's work on network m
	anagement protocols. The outcome of that workshop was documented in the "Overvie		[I-D.ietf-core-comi]
	w of the 2002 IAB Network Management Workshop" <xref target="RFC3535"/>, which i		draft-ietf-core-comi-20
	dentified 14 operator requirements and 11 recommendations for consideration in f		IESG State: I-D Expired as of 12/24/25
	uture network management protocol design and related data models within the IETF		Note: this I-D reference is missing the editor roles. They will need to be added
	.</t>		in the XML (see "final conversion AQ").
	<t>Those requirements were instrumental in developing the NETCONF protocol
	(in the NETCONF Working Group) <xref target="RFC6241"/>, the associated YANG da		-->
	ta modeling language (in the NETMOD Working Group) <xref target="RFC7950"/>, RES
	TCONF <xref target="RFC8040"/>, and most recently CORECONF <xref target="I-D.iet		<!-- [rfced] FYI - We will do the following when we convert the file to RFCXML:
	f-core-comi"/>.</t>
			- The BibXML entry for [I-D.ietf-core-comi] is missing the "editor" roles. We wi
			ll
			add this accordingly.
			- The reference entry for [Jimenez] is missing the author name "Raquel Rodriguez
			A".
			We will add this accordingly.
			- Luis M. Contreras prefers his name to be displayed as "LM. Contreras" when
			abbreviated. We will update his name accordingly in the reference entries for
			[CONTRERAS], [GIRALT], and [OP-REQ-NM].
			-->
			<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) holds occasional workshops designed to
			consider long-term issues and strategies for the Internet, and to suggest future
			directions for the Internet architecture. This long-term planning function of
			the IAB is complementary to the ongoing engineering efforts performed by working
			groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).</t>
			<t>The IAB organized a workshop in 2002 to establish a dialog between netw
			ork operators and protocol developers and to guide the IETF's work on network ma
			nagement protocols. The outcome of that workshop was documented in the "Overview
			of the 2002 IAB Network Management Workshop" <xref target="RFC3535"/>, which id
			entified 14 operator requirements and 11 recommendations for consideration in fu
			ture network management protocol design and related data models within the IETF.
			</t>
			<t>Those requirements were instrumental in developing the Network Configur
			ation Protocol (NETCONF) (in the NETCONF Working Group) <xref target="RFC6241"/>
			, the associated YANG data modeling language (in the NETMOD Working Group) <xref
			target="RFC7950"/>, RESTCONF <xref target="RFC8040"/>, and most recently the Co
			AP Management Interface (CORECONF) <xref target="I-D.ietf-core-comi"/>.</t>
	<t>The recent NEMOPS IAB workshop focused on the following key tasks:</t>		<t>The recent NEMOPS IAB workshop focused on the following key tasks:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Review the outcomes and results of the 2002 workshop (current deplo yments, state of the art) and identify any operational barriers that prevent the se technologies from being widely implemented (limitations, hurdles).</t>		<t>Review the outcomes and results of the 2002 workshop (current deplo yments and state of the art) and identify any operational barriers that prevent these technologies from being widely implemented (limitations and hurdles).</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Sketch new requirements for future network management operations in a collaborative manner with the industry, network operators, and protocol engin eers.</t>		<t>Sketch new requirements for future network management operations in a collaborative manner with the industry, network operators, and protocol engin eers.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Develop a plan of action and recommendations for the IETF.</t>		<t>Develop a plan of action and recommendations for the IETF.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<t>This document builds on RFC 3535 with new information gathered from the		<t>This document builds on RFC 3535 with new information gathered from the
	second IAB workshop on the future of Network Management. The goal of the second		second IAB workshop on the future of network management. The goal of the second
	workshop was not to invalidate or replace the first, but to extend the discussi		workshop was not to invalidate or replace the first but to extend the discussio
	on with lessons learned since then. Together, both documents capture a snapshot		n with lessons learned since then. Together, both documents capture a snapshot o
	of the evolving needs of network management over time.</t>		f the evolving needs of network management over time.</t>
	<section anchor="about-this-workshop-report-content">		<section anchor="about-the-content-of-this-workshop-report">
	<name>About this workshop report content</name>		<name>About the Content of This Workshop Report</name>
	<t>This document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The vie		<t>This document is a report on the proceedings of the workshop. The vie
	ws and positions documented in this report are expressed during the workshop by		ws and positions documented in this report are expressed during the workshop by
	participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB's views and positions.</t>		participants and do not necessarily reflect the IAB's views and positions.</t>
	<t>Furthermore, the content of the report comes from presentations given by workshop participants and notes taken during the discussions, without interp retation or validation. Thus, the content of this report follows the flow and d ialogue of the workshop but does not necessarily attempt to capture a consensus, unless stated otherwise.</t>		<t>Furthermore, the content of the report comes from presentations given by workshop participants and notes taken during the discussions, without interp retation or validation. Thus, the content of this report follows the flow and d ialogue of the workshop but does not necessarily attempt to capture a consensus, unless stated otherwise.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="outreach">		<section anchor="outreach">
	<name>Outreach and Survey</name>		<name>Outreach and Survey</name>
	<t>The IAB workshop's Program Committee (PC) planned outreach initiatives		<t>The IAB workshop's Program Committee (PC) planned outreach initiatives
	to foster discussions and gather interest by engaging with operators at various		to foster discussions and gather interest by engaging with operators at various
	operational venues (RIPE, NANOG, APRICOT, LACNIC, AutoConn, etc) and conducting		operational venues (Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE), North American Network Operator
	information/requirement-gathering sessions. Participants were encouraged to subm		s Group (NANOG),
	it "position papers" or "expressions of interest" to join the workshop. Addition		Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies (APRICOT),
	ally, a <xref target="SURVEY"/> was conducted to collect valuable insights to in		Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC), AutoConn, et
	form the workshop.</t>		c.) and conducting information-/requirement-gathering sessions. Participants wer
	<t>Some PC members continued to engage with network operators at operation		e encouraged to submit "position papers" or "expressions of interest" to join th
	al venues after the workshop to facilitate information sharing and gather their		e workshop. Additionally, a <xref target="SURVEY"/> was conducted to collect val
	feedback on the workshop, thereby helping to shape the next steps and outcomes.<		uable insights to inform the workshop.</t>
	/t>		<t>After the workshop, some PC members continued to engage with network op
			erators at operational venues to facilitate information sharing and gather their
			feedback on the workshop, thereby helping to shape the next steps and outcomes.
			</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workshop-scope-and-discussion">		<section anchor="workshop-scope-and-discussion">
	<name>Workshop Scope and Discussion</name>		<name>Workshop Scope and Discussion</name>
	<t>The workshop was organized across three days, with all participants con		<t>The workshop was organized across three days, with all participants con
	tributing to one discussion per day. The workshop was organized around three top		tributing to one discussion per day. The workshop was organized around three top
	ic areas: "Session I: the Past (lookback and analysis)" (<xref target="past"/>),		ic areas: "Session I: Past - Lookback and Analysis" (<xref target="past"/>), "Se
	"Session II: Present (identified problems and requirements)" (<xref target="pre		ssion II: Present - Identified Problems and Requirements" (<xref target="present
	sent"/>), and "Session III: Future (possible solutions, recommendations and next		"/>), and "Session III: Future - Possible Solutions, Recommendations, and Next S
	steps)" (<xref target="future"/>). The program committee organized the paper su		teps" (<xref target="future"/>). The program committee organized the paper submi
	bmissions to fit these three main themes in order to drive discussion during eac		ssions to fit these three main themes in order to drive discussion during each o
	h of the slots. During each discussion, the papers were presented sequentially,		f the slots. During each discussion, the papers were presented sequentially, and
	and an open discussion was held afterwards. On the last day, an additional discu		an open discussion was held afterwards. On the last day, an additional discussi
	ssion on the key takeaways from the workshop and possible next steps took place		on took place on the key takeaways from the workshop and possible next steps (<x
	(<xref target="key"/>).</t>		ref target="key"/>).</t>
	<t>The workshop agenda for each day is at <eref target="https://datatracke		<t>The workshop agenda for each day can be viewed at <eref brackets="angle
	r.ietf.org/doc/agenda-interim-2024-nemopsws-01-sessa/">past</eref>, <eref target		" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/agenda-interim-2024-nemopsws-01-sessa
	="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/agenda-interim-2024-nemopsws-02-sessa/">prese		/">"Past (Session 1)"</eref>, <eref brackets="angle" target="https://datatracker
	nt</eref>, and <eref target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/agenda-interim-202		.ietf.org/doc/agenda-interim-2024-nemopsws-02-sessa/">"Present (Session II)"</er
	4-nemopsws-03-sessa/">future</eref>. All workshop papers and slides are at <eref		ef>, and <eref brackets="angle" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/agenda-
	target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/nemopsws/materials/">materials</eref		interim-2024-nemopsws-03-sessa/">"Future (Session III)"</eref>. All workshop pap
	>.</t>		ers and slides can be viewed at <eref brackets="angle" target="https://datatrack
			er.ietf.org/group/nemopsws/materials/">"materials"</eref>.</t>
	<section anchor="past">		<section anchor="past">
	<name>Session I: Past (lookback, analysis)</name>		<name>Session I: Past - Lookback and Analysis</name>
	<t>The first day of the workshop focused on reflecting on the past by re viewing the evolution of network management since the 2002 workshop, analyzing b oth the successes and the challenges encountered along the way. The presentation s covered a range of topics, including reflections on the history of network man agement, lessons learned from widely used tools, practices in constrained networ ks, and the need to reconsider how network management models and protocols are s tandardized within the IETF.</t>		<t>The first day of the workshop focused on reflecting on the past by re viewing the evolution of network management since the 2002 workshop, analyzing b oth the successes and the challenges encountered along the way. The presentation s covered a range of topics, including reflections on the history of network man agement, lessons learned from widely used tools, practices in constrained networ ks, and the need to reconsider how network management models and protocols are s tandardized within the IETF.</t>
	<section anchor="reflections">		<section anchor="reflections">
	<name>Reflections</name>		<name>Reflections</name>
	<t>The workshop began by reflecting on the IAB’s role in shaping the e		<t>The workshop began by reflecting on the IAB's role in shaping the e
	volution of network management away from CLI/SNMP/MIB technologies, focusing on		volution of network management away from Command-Line Interface (CLI), SNMP, and
	the context and key outcomes of the previous workshop, an assessment of the curr		MIB technologies, focusing on the context and key outcomes of the previous work
	ent state of network management as a whole, and an acknowledgement of some regre		shop, an assessment of the current state of network management as a whole, and a
	ts in how network management technologies developed in the last two decades (suc		n acknowledgement of some regrets in how network management technologies develop
	h as XML as the data representation format). <xref target="SCHONWALDER"/> emphas		ed in the last two decades (such as XML as the data representation format). <xre
	ized the need to shift the focus from device-level configuration to network and		f target="SCHONWALDER"/> emphasized the need to shift the focus from device-leve
	service-level configuration. Key properties highlighted for effective network an		l configuration to network and service-level configuration. Key properties highl
	d service configurations included being Composable (assembled out of modular con		ighted for effective network and service configurations included being Composabl
	figurations), Declarative (define state while systems determine themselves how t		e (assembled out of modular configurations), Declarative (define state while sys
	o implement those goals), Reproducible (reliably and consistently recreated), an		tems themselves determine how to implement those goals), Reproducible (reliably
	d Verifiable (asserting that the correct changes have been applied).</t>		and consistently recreated), and Verifiable (asserting that the correct changes
	<t>An operator’s perspective highlighted that the recommendations of <		have been applied).</t>
	xref target="RFC3535"/> (which led to the development of YANG and NETCONF) have		<t>An operator's perspective highlighted that the recommendations of <
	been successful in addressing device configuration in many, but not all, environ		xref target="RFC3535"/> (which led to the development of YANG and NETCONF) have
	ments. In certain areas, the advancements in semantics and protocols for streami		been successful in addressing device configuration in many, but not all, environ
	ng telemetry have even surpassed the original scope of <xref target="RFC3535"/>.		ments. In certain areas, the advancements in semantics and protocols for streami
	<xref target="FARRER"/> cautioned against making changes that could disrupt the		ng telemetry have even surpassed the original scope of <xref target="RFC3535"/>.
	ecosystem. The presentation emphasized the need to prioritize service modeling		<xref target="FARRER"/> cautioned against making changes that could disrupt the
	in the IETF and addressed the challenges of mapping to the Business Support Syst		ecosystem. The presentation emphasized the need to prioritize service modeling
	ems (BSS) domain. It also stressed the importance of including the operational s		in the IETF and addressed the challenges of mapping to the Business Support Syst
	tate in service models to enable closed-loop automation for end-to-end (E2E) ser		ems (BSS) domain. It also stressed the importance of including the operational s
	vices. Revisiting <xref target="RFC8309"/>, which asserts that the operational s		tate in service models to enable closed-loop automation for end-to-end (E2E) ser
	tate of a service is not part of a customer service model but can be achieved th		vices. Revisiting <xref target="RFC8309"/>, which asserts that the operational s
	rough extensions, was suggested. Additionally, the lack of open-source NMS imple		tate of a service is not part of a customer service model but can be achieved th
	mentations, tools, and device model implementations was identified as a signific		rough extensions, was suggested. Additionally, the lack of open-source Network M
	ant barrier to advancing standardization efforts. The IETF could play a key role		anagement System (NMS) implementations, tools, and device model implementations
	in fostering and enabling collaborations to address these challenges. While the		was identified as a significant barrier to advancing standardization efforts. Th
	IETF does not itself build tools, it was suggested that having a translation to		e IETF could play a key role in fostering and enabling collaborations to address
	ol that runs outside the network device to map IETF device models to vendor-spec		these challenges. While the IETF does not itself build tools, it was suggested
	ific ones would be beneficial.</t>		that having a translation tool that runs outside the network device to map IETF
			device models to vendor-specific ones would be beneficial.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="lessons-to-be-learned">		<section anchor="lessons-to-be-learned">
	<name>Lessons to be Learned</name>		<name>Lessons to be Learned</name>
	<t><xref target="HARDAKER"/> emphasized that the success of Net-SNMP <		<t><xref target="HARDAKER"/> emphasized that the success of Net-SNMP <
	xref target="NET-SNMP"/> was driven by empowering users through simplicity, stre		xref target="NET-SNMP"/> was driven by empowering users through simplicity, stre
	ssing that the focus should remain on ensuring ease of use and adaptability of t		ssing that the focus should remain on ensuring ease of use and adaptability of t
	he protocols. Emphasis was placed on the two distinct audiences for standardized		he protocols. Emphasis was placed on the two distinct audiences for standardized
	network management protocols: toolkit vendors and system operators. Their requi		network management protocols: toolkit vendors and system operators. Their requi
	rements for protocol simplicity differ, and it is essential to address the needs		rements for protocol simplicity differ, and it is essential to address the needs
	of both to ensure success. <xref target="BORMANN"/> presented an overview of th		of both to ensure success. <xref target="BORMANN"/> presented an overview of th
	e CORECONF architecture, showcasing how model-driven network management techniqu		e CORECONF architecture, showcasing how model-driven network management techniqu
	es can be applied to manage IoT devices (which is different from other network m		es can be applied to manage Internet of Things (IoT) devices (which is different
	anagement scenarios), with a focus on the unique characteristics of constrained		from other network management scenarios), with a focus on the unique characteri
	nodes. Some participants noted that the binary encoding of CBOR has applications		stics of constrained nodes. Some participants noted that the binary encoding of
	that extend beyond the IoT networks.</t>		Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) has applications that extend beyond
	<t>Drawing from the experience of OpenConfig <xref target="OPENCONFIG"		the IoT networks.</t>
	/>, <xref target="SHAKIR"/> emphasized that protocol definition and data models		<t>Drawing from the experience of OpenConfig <xref target="OPENCONFIG"
	cannot be done in isolation; instead, they must integrate lessons learned from i		/>, <xref target="SHAKIR"/> emphasized that protocol definition and data models
	mplementation and large-scale deployment. Thus, highlighting the importance of e		cannot be done in isolation; instead, they must integrate lessons learned from i
	nabling quick iterations, shipping rapidly, embracing open-source, readily avail		mplementation and large-scale deployment. Thus, highlighting the importance of e
	able tools, adopting systems thinking driven by business outcomes, and reusing e		nabling quick iterations, shipping rapidly, embracing open source, readily avail
	xisting technologies rather than developing solutions exclusively for operator n		able tools, adopting systems thinking driven by business outcomes, and reusing e
	etwork management. A call was made for the IETF to rethink the approach to stand		xisting technologies rather than developing solutions exclusively for operator n
	ardize data models and the associated network management protocols under this gu		etwork management. A call was made for the IETF to rethink the approach to stand
	idance.</t>		ardize data models and the associated network management protocols under this gu
			idance.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion">		<section anchor="discussion">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>The Session I open discussion highlighted the divergence between ve ndor implementations of YANG models and what is accessible via them, particularl y when compared to CLI. Questions were raised about how to incorporate fast iter ation and rapid changes within the established IETF process and culture, especia lly in contrast to the approach used by OpenConfig. Common challenges identified included a lack of tooling, performance issues at scale, the steep learning cur ve for network management protocols/models/tools, initial difficulty in moving a way from CLI, and the backward compatibility of models (versioning). Some partic ipants suggested that the IETF should focus on system-level APIs that address sp ecific problems. Additionally, the lack of simple tools for smaller networks ope rating under tight timelines and budgets was emphasized. A key question raised w as whether the proliferation of protocols and languages complicates adoption, an d if converging on a single approach would improve adoption. The existence of mu ltiple schemas and protocols beyond NETCONF, such as BMP and IPFIX, to address n etwork management challenges beyond configuration is an established reality. One conclusion was that a mechanism was needed to interconnect and harmonize these schemas to provide a cohesive and comprehensive understanding of the data.</t>		<t>The Session I open discussion highlighted the divergence between ve ndor implementations of YANG models and what is accessible via the models, parti cularly when compared to CLI. Questions were raised about how to incorporate fas t iteration and rapid changes within the established IETF process and culture, e specially in contrast to the approach used by OpenConfig. Common challenges iden tified included a lack of tooling, performance issues at scale, the steep learni ng curve for network management protocols/models/tools, initial difficulty in mo ving away from CLI, and the backward compatibility of models (versioning). Some participants suggested that the IETF should focus on system-level APIs that addr ess specific problems. Additionally, the lack of simple tools for smaller networ ks operating under tight timelines and budgets was emphasized. A key question ra ised was whether the proliferation of protocols and languages complicates adopti on and if converging on a single approach would improve adoption. The existence of multiple schemas and protocols beyond NETCONF, such as the BGP Monitoring Pro tocol (BMP) and IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX), to address network managemen t challenges beyond configuration is an established reality. One conclusion was that a mechanism was needed to interconnect and harmonize these schemas to provi de a cohesive and comprehensive understanding of the data.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="present">		<section anchor="present">
	<name>Session II: Present (identified problems &amp; requirements)</name >		<name>Session II: Present - Identified Problems and Requirements</name>
	<t>The second day of the workshop concentrated on challenges and emergin g requirements for future network management operations. The presentation emphas ized the importance of validation, observability, automation, and the need for a gile, incremental development of both network models and management protocols. A compilation of new requirements from operators was presented; they are being ma intained in <xref target="I-D.ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later"/>. The final pres entation of the day provided a summary of the survey results and operator feedba ck gathered from outreach events.</t>		<t>The second day of the workshop concentrated on challenges and emergin g requirements for future network management operations. The presentation emphas ized the importance of validation, observability, automation, and the need for a gile, incremental development of both network models and management protocols. A compilation of new requirements from operators was presented; they are being ma intained in <xref target="I-D.ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later"/>. The final pres entation of the day provided a summary of the survey results and operator feedba ck gathered from outreach events.</t>
	<section anchor="operator-feedback">		<section anchor="operator-feedback">
	<name>Operator Feedback</name>		<name>Operator Feedback</name>
	<t><xref target="KELLER"/> shared Deutsche Telekom’s perspective, emph asizing that while YANG models perform well for provisioning, they currently fal l short in providing the operational stability required for validation. In their experience, the IETF service models (where available) were considered stable an d in good condition, whereas the OpenConfig device models were noted as lacking feature richness and stability. In contrast, vendor YANG models are often more f lexible and available in a more timely manner. Achieving fully closed-loop autom ated and autonomous networking will require a greater focus on observability, pa rticularly through advancements in streaming telemetry with the "on-change" feat ure <xref target="RFC9196"/>.</t>		<t><xref target="KELLER"/> shared Deutsche Telekom's perspective, emph asizing that while YANG models perform well for provisioning, they currently fal l short in providing the operational stability required for validation. In their experience, the IETF service models (where available) were considered stable an d in good condition, whereas the OpenConfig device models were noted as lacking feature richness and stability. In contrast, vendor YANG models are often more f lexible and available in a more timely manner. Achieving fully closed-loop autom ated and autonomous networking will require a greater focus on observability, pa rticularly through advancements in streaming telemetry with the "on-change" feat ure <xref target="RFC9196"/>.</t>
	<t><xref target="JIMENEZ"/> discussed the challenges associated with t he Software Defined Networking (SDN) Transport Automation Platform, including ob servability and analytics requirements, issues with data streaming, scalability, diverse models in heterogeneous multi-vendor environments, and mechanisms to se cure the network management protocols. The presentation also emphasized how adva ncements in AI and machine learning, along with the potential adaptation of prot ocols designed for constrained environments, could drive the next evolution in n etwork management.</t>		<t><xref target="JIMENEZ"/> discussed the challenges associated with t he Software Defined Networking (SDN) Transport Automation Platform, including ob servability and analytics requirements, issues with data streaming, scalability, diverse models in heterogeneous multi-vendor environments, and mechanisms to se cure the network management protocols. The presentation also emphasized how adva ncements in AI and machine learning, along with the potential adaptation of prot ocols designed for constrained environments, could drive the next evolution in n etwork management.</t>
	<t>Using YANG-Push as an example, <xref target="GRAF"/> highlighted ho		<t>Using YANG-Push as an example, <xref target="GRAF"/> highlighted ho
	w standards development often fails to align with the needs of network operators		w standards development often fails to align with the needs of network operators
	, the constraints of network vendors, and the integration requirements. Most cri		, the constraints of network vendors, and integration requirements. Most critica
	tically, it lacks an agile, incremental development process. The presentation ad		lly, it lacks an agile, incremental development process. The presentation advoca
	vocated for adopting an iterative approach to standards development, focusing on		ted for adopting an iterative approach to standards development, focusing on del
	delivering minimal viable products as part of the process.</t>		ivering minimal viable products as part of the process.</t>
	<t><xref target="CONTRERAS"/> emphasized reassessing deployment assump		<t><xref target="CONTRERAS"/> emphasized reassessing deployment assump
	tions and incorporating updated operator requirements. The authors are addressin		tions and incorporating updated operator requirements. The authors are addressin
	g these aspects through <xref target="I-D.ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later"/>, le		g these aspects through <xref target="I-D.ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later"/>, le
	veraging feedback and discussions from the workshop. Some key requirements, sugg		veraging feedback and discussions from the workshop. Some key requirements, sugg
	estions and observations that were highlighted in the workshop:</t>		estions, and observations that were highlighted in the workshop:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Network software implementations can only happen with a strong, committed standardization effort, complemented by active involvement in open-so urce projects that facilitate access to code.</t>		<t>Network software implementations can only happen with a strong, committed standardization effort, complemented by active involvement in open-so urce projects that facilitate access to code.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Need to rationalize the device model space and avoid redundant efforts. Unlike service and network models, IETF-defined device models are not w idely implemented.</t>		<t>Need to rationalize the device model space and avoid redundant efforts. Unlike service and network models, IETF-defined device models are not w idely implemented.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Define a reference approach/process for service exposure discov ery (API discovery).</t>		<t>Define a reference approach/process for service exposure discov ery (API discovery).</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Outlines a set of recommendations for core/key features, along with appropriate justifications, that will help foster more implementations that meet operators’ needs.</t>		<t>Outline a set of recommendations for core/key features, along w ith appropriate justifications, that will help foster more implementations that meet operators' needs.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Reassess the value of some IETF proposals, including compared t o competing or emerging solutions (e.g., gNMI vs. YANG-Push)</t>		<t>Reassess the value of some IETF proposals, including comparison to competing or emerging solutions (e.g., gRPC Network Management Interface (gN MI) vs. YANG-Push)</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Need for a more agile process for the development and maintenan ce of YANG modules in the IETF. RFCs might not be suited for documenting YANG mo dules.</t>		<t>Need for a more agile process for the development and maintenan ce of YANG modules in the IETF. RFCs might not be suited for documenting YANG mo dules.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Consider approaches to ease integration by design (e.g., protoc ols and data models).</t>		<t>Consider approaches to ease integration by design (e.g., protoc ols and data models).</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>There is a need for a reference specification to translate YANG -based data into the knowledge graph (KG).</t>		<t>Need for a reference specification to translate YANG-based data into the knowledge graph (KG).</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Consider approaches to help YANG models scale.</t>		<t>Consider approaches to help YANG models scale.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Consider programmatic approaches to ensure lossless mappings be tween service/network/device data models.</t>		<t>Consider programmatic approaches to ensure lossless mappings be tween service/network/device data models.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Consider approaches to ensure reuse/consistent data structure a cross various NM segments.</t>		<t>Consider approaches to ensure reuse of / consistent data struct ure across various network management segments.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Some networks have specific network management requirements, su ch as the need for asynchronous operations or constraints on data compactness.</ t>		<t>Some networks have specific network management requirements, su ch as the need for asynchronous operations or constraints on data compactness.</ t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>There is a necessity to handle the heterogeneity of data, confi guration, and network management/requirements. Resolving such issues could draw on insights from parallel technical fields such as knowledge engineering practic es and concepts associated with Linked Data in the Semantic Web, areas where it is common to manage problems of heterogeneity and data reconciliation across var ious application domains.</t>		<t>Necessity to handle the heterogeneity of data, configuration, a nd network management/requirements. Resolving such issues could draw on insights from parallel technical fields such as knowledge engineering practices and conc epts associated with Linked Data in the Semantic Web, areas where it is common t o manage problems of heterogeneity and data reconciliation across various applic ation domains.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Consider having YANG as part of the protocol specification/chan ge where possible, or have the YANG document progress in parallel.</t>		<t>Consider having YANG as part of the protocol specification/chan ge where possible, or have the YANG document progress in parallel.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Need to ease the integration of low-level/network-oriented solu tions with native "IT tooling"</t>		<t>Need to ease the integration of low-level/network-oriented solu tions with common "IT tooling".</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Ease exposure of libraries and host tools (e.g., yangkit) to ea se integration.</t>		<t>Ease exposure of libraries and host tools (e.g., yangkit) to ea se integration.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Focus on tooling is needed, especially on the client side.</t>		<t>Focus on tooling is needed, especially on the client side.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Create an ecosystem where data and networking engineers can col laborate.</t>		<t>Create an ecosystem where data and networking engineers can col laborate.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>The distinct approaches followed in both the compute and the ne twork environments to define suitable mechanisms for enabling an efficient inter play, while highly automating the overall service delivery procedure.</t>		<t>Distinct approaches are followed in both the compute and the ne twork environments to define suitable mechanisms for enabling an efficient inter play, while highly automating the overall service delivery procedure.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>The target application/applicability of a network management ap proach should be documented.</t>		<t>The target application/applicability of a network management ap proach should be documented.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Readily available API specifications could be generalized from YANG modules for fast development, prototyping, and validation.</t>		<t>Readily available API specifications could be generalized from YANG modules for fast development, prototyping, and validation.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="survey">		<section anchor="survey">
	<name>Survey</name>		<name>Survey</name>
	<t>As outlined in <xref target="outreach"/>, the workshop program comm ittee organized outreach initiatives to gather direct feedback and conducted a s urvey. <xref target="SURVEY-INSIGHTS"/> provided an overview of the respondents’ backgrounds, as well as insights into the most widely used tools, protocols, an d APIs for configuration, monitoring, and other network operations. Notably, the survey revealed that Ansible and CLI are the most popular configuration tools, NETCONF is the preferred configuration protocol, and Prometheus and SNMP are wid ely used for monitoring. The survey also captured feedback on network automation and streaming telemetry. Issues and future requirements such as scalability, pe rformance, the need for easier mapping of various models, tooling, management of legacy devices, collaboration with open-source, and vendor-specific issues were highlighted. Additionally, valuable insights from direct operator feedback were also presented (see <xref target="insights"/>).</t>		<t>As outlined in <xref target="outreach"/>, the workshop program comm ittee organized outreach initiatives to gather direct feedback and conducted a s urvey. <xref target="SURVEY-INSIGHTS"/> provided an overview of the respondents' backgrounds, as well as insights into the most widely used tools, protocols, an d APIs for configuration, monitoring, and other network operations. Notably, the survey revealed that Ansible and CLI are the most popular configuration tools, NETCONF is the preferred configuration protocol, and Prometheus and SNMP are wid ely used for monitoring. The survey also captured feedback on network automation and streaming telemetry. Issues and future requirements such as scalability, pe rformance, the need for easier mapping of various models, tooling, management of legacy devices, collaboration with open source, and vendor-specific issues were highlighted. Additionally, valuable insights from direct operator feedback were presented (see <xref target="insights"/>).</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion-1">		<section anchor="discussion-1">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>The Session II open discussion featured feedback from implementers, highlighting the difficulty in moving to YANG and mapping to vendor implementat ions and how divergence in the implementations creates complexity and necessitat es workarounds. Implementations need to support standard models alongside native vendor models, which adds complexity and leads to confusion. Challenges were hi ghlighted in mapping standard models to internal device models and legacy device s, with some cases where mapping is not feasible at all (device-specific knobs). The conversation also emphasized the importance of developing open-source refer ence implementations, compliance and interoperability testing for vendors with r eal data, and better quality of vendor implementation and documentation. The imp lementation and support of multiple models (IETF, OpenConfig, and native vendor models) is an unavoidable reality in network management. Additionally, since the services offered by operators vary significantly, reaching a consensus on a com mon service model within the IETF can be a challenging task. It was also noted t hat the IETF should expedite the publication of standards as well as consider ga ting them with multiple interoperable implementations.</t>		<t>The Session II open discussion featured feedback from implementers, highlighting the difficulty in moving to YANG and mapping to vendor implementat ions and how divergence in implementations creates complexity and necessitates w orkarounds. Implementations need to support standard models alongside vendor-spe cific models, which adds complexity and leads to confusion. Challenges were high lighted in mapping standard models to internal device models and legacy devices, with some cases where mapping is not feasible at all (device-specific knobs). T he conversation also emphasized the importance of developing open-source referen ce implementations, compliance and interoperability testing for vendors with rea l data, and better quality of vendor implementation and documentation. The imple mentation and support of multiple models (IETF, OpenConfig, and vendor-specific models) is an unavoidable reality in network management. Additionally, since the services offered by operators vary significantly, reaching a consensus on a com mon service model within the IETF can be a challenging task. It was also noted t hat the IETF should expedite the publication of standards as well as consider ga ting them with multiple interoperable implementations.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="future">		<section anchor="future">
	<name>Session III: Future (possible solutions, recommendations and next		<name>Session III: Future - Possible Solutions, Recommendations, and Nex
	steps)</name>		t Steps</name>
	<t>The final day of the workshop centred on exploring potential future s		<t>The final day of the workshop centered on exploring potential future
	olutions and identifying key takeaways, recommendations, and next steps. At the		solutions and identifying key takeaways, recommendations, and next steps. At the
	end of day three, to conclude the workshop, the chairs worked to summarize the k		end of day three, to conclude the workshop, the chairs worked to summarize the
	ey takeaways (see <xref target="key"/>) that garnered consensus among the partic		key takeaways (see <xref target="key"/>) that garnered consensus among the parti
	ipants.</t>		cipants.</t>
	<section anchor="suggestions-on-future-directions">		<section anchor="suggestions-on-future-directions">
	<name>Suggestions on Future Directions</name>		<name>Suggestions on Future Directions</name>
	<t><xref target="CLAISE"/> highlighted the challenges of integrating d		<t><xref target="CLAISE"/> highlighted the challenges of integrating d
	ata models across different silos, protocols, and data structures, emphasizing t		ata models across different silos, protocols, and data structures, emphasizing t
	he need for a machine-readable approach to expose semantics. Additionally, the r		he need for a machine-readable approach to expose semantics. Additionally, the r
	elated tools being developed and showcased in the IETF Hackathons, along with th		elated tools being developed and showcased in the IETF Hackathons, along with th
	e various challenges in mapping across protocols and models, were discussed. A p		e various challenges in mapping across protocols and models, were discussed. A p
	otential solution was proposed using a knowledge graph based on the Semantic Web		otential solution was proposed that uses a knowledge graph based on the Semantic
	Stack, along with the need to define a basic ontology for the networking domain		Web Stack, along with the need to define a basic ontology for the networking do
	in an iterative manner (outside of RFCs).</t>		main in an iterative manner (outside of RFCs).</t>
	<t><xref target="WATSEN"/> recommends prioritizing the following areas		<t><xref target="WATSEN"/> recommended prioritizing the following into
	in four recommendations: (1) using RESTCONF+JSON (including YANG-Push Lite) as		four areas: (1) using RESTCONF+JSON (including YANG-Push Lite) as a single prot
	a single protocol beyond network management, (2) utilizing Network Management Da		ocol beyond network management, (2) utilizing Network Management Datastore Archi
	tastore Architecture (NMDA) model, (3) creating data model adapters (off-box so		tecture (NMDA) model, (3) creating data model adapters (off-box so that common s
	that common standard models can be developed in parallel to the required device		tandard models can be developed in parallel to the required device vendor-specif
	"native" vendor models), and (4) defining device protocol adapters (with RESTCON		ic models), and (4) defining device protocol adapters (with RESTCONF-like Northb
	F-like NBI for a common shared-by-all repository).</t>		ound Interface (NBI) for a common shared-by-all repository).</t>
	<t><xref target="WILTON"/> recommends reducing unnecessary complexity,		<t><xref target="WILTON"/> recommended reducing unnecessary complexity
	delivering timely solutions, fostering open collaboration between vendors and o		, delivering timely solutions, fostering open collaboration between vendors and
	perators, prioritizing simplicity, and converging to a single model/protocol (th		operators, prioritizing simplicity, and converging to a single model/protocol (t
	ough this was discussed as difficult to accomplish). Practical suggestions inclu		hough this was discussed as difficult to accomplish). Practical suggestions incl
	de focusing on YANG-Push Lite, introducing YANG 2.0 through incremental updates,		ude focusing on YANG-Push Lite, introducing YANG 2.0 through incremental updates
	developing NETCONFv2, and managing IETF YANG models as code or APIs rather than		, developing NETCONFv2, and managing IETF YANG models as code or APIs rather tha
	embedding them within RFCs.</t>		n embedding them within RFCs.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion-2">		<section anchor="discussion-2">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>The open discussion in Session III explored a range of topics. Thes		<t>The open discussion in Session III explored a range of topics. Thes
	e included the absence of NMDA in OpenConfig and debate over whether its complex		e included the absence of NMDA in OpenConfig and debate over whether its complex
	ity is justified; the historical context of gNMI’s introduction in the IETF and		ity is justified; the historical context of gNMI's introduction in the IETF and
	whether RESTCONF offers advantages over it; and the broader challenges of buildi		whether RESTCONF offers advantages over it; and the broader challenges of buildi
	ng consensus, with participants noting that while the process takes time, it sho		ng consensus, with participants noting that while the process takes time, it sho
	uld not be short-circuited. The discussion also addressed the practicality of co		uld not be short-circuited. The discussion also addressed the practicality of co
	nverging on a single protocol and concluded that such convergence is, in fact, f		nverging on a single protocol and concluded that such convergence is, in fact, f
	easible.</t>		easible.</t>
	<t>The discussion emphasized off-box adapters, which allow vendors to		<t>The discussion emphasized off-box adapters, which allow vendors to
	continue innovating and developing native vendor models rapidly. One suggestion		continue innovating and developing vendor-specific models rapidly. One suggestio
	that attracted a lot of discussion centred on developing a standard model mappin		n that attracted a lot of discussion centered on developing a standard model map
	g to native vendor models that could be maintained in a common repository, enabl		ping to vendor-specific models that could be maintained in a common repository,
	ing the community to assess coverage and alignment.</t>		enabling the community to assess coverage and alignment.</t>
	<t>Further, the discussion explored alternative approaches to YANG mod		<t>Further, the discussion explored alternative approaches to YANG mod
	els within the IETF but outside of RFCs, such as leveraging GitHub to accelerate		els within the IETF but outside of RFCs, such as leveraging GitHub to accelerate
	the process (along with the challenges associated with it), living documents wi		the process (along with the challenges associated with it), living documents wi
	thin the WG charter, and supporting academia to take up the open source efforts,		thin the WG charter, and supporting academia to take up the open source efforts,
	such as device adapters. The discussion emphasized the need for process experim		such as device adapters. The discussion emphasized the need for process experim
	entation, particularly at the working group or area level, where we could have c		entation, particularly at the working group or area level, where we could have c
	onsensus among the YANG/OPS community on how we iterate in WGs without IETF/RFC-		onsensus among the YANG/OPS community on how we iterate in WGs without IETF-/RFC
	wide changes, but making sure the operators are involved in the process.</t>		-wide changes, but making sure the operators are involved in the process.</t>
	<t>Conversations ensued around questions asked, such as "Is YANG appli		<t>Conversations ensued around questions asked, such as "Is YANG appli
	cable beyond network management?" and "Can applications adopt YANG as a modellin		cable beyond network management?" and "Can applications adopt YANG as a modeling
	g language to define their services?"</t>		language to define their services?"</t>
	<t>Some key recommendations made by operators during outreach (<xref t arget="outreach"/>) are listed in <xref target="recommendations"/>.</t>		<t>Some key recommendations made by operators during outreach (<xref t arget="outreach"/>) are listed in <xref target="recommendations"/>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="key">		<section anchor="key">
	<name>Key Takeaways</name>		<name>Key Takeaways</name>
	<t>At the end of the third day, the discussion turned to key takeaways t hat have a high-level consensus. These were live edited during the last discuss ion of the workshop, and anything that did not reach a wide consensus was moved into a "future considerations" list (<xref target="workneeded"/>).</t>		<t>At the end of the third day, the discussion turned to key takeaways t hat have a high-level consensus. These were edited live during the last discuss ion of the workshop, and anything that did not reach a wide consensus was moved into a "future considerations" list (<xref target="workneeded"/>).</t>
	<section anchor="ecosystem-conclusions">		<section anchor="ecosystem-conclusions">
	<name>Ecosystem conclusions</name>		<name>Ecosystem Conclusions</name>
	<t>The following takeaways try to document the general thinking of the		<t>The following takeaways try to document the general thinking of the
	participants with respect to the entire Network Management ecosystem as it exis		participants with respect to the entire network management ecosystem as it exis
	ts today.</t>		ts today.</t>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>The current network management protocols, models and tools stil		<t>The current network management protocols, models, and tools sti
	l		ll
	fail the ‘ease of use’ requirement. Participants noted that the		fail the 'ease of use' requirement. Participants noted that the
	tools almost matter more than the protocols.</t>		tools almost matter more than the protocols.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>The overall ecosystem is still fragmented for both protocols an d		<t>The overall ecosystem is still fragmented for both protocols an d
	data models. SNMP is still used extensively for monitoring, and		data models. SNMP is still used extensively for monitoring, and
	the CLI is still heavily relied on for configuration in many		the CLI is still heavily relied on for configuration in many
	networks. Popular protocols include SNMP, NETCONF, RESTCONF,		networks. Popular protocols include SNMP, NETCONF, RESTCONF,
	and gNMI.</t>		and gNMI.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	skipping to change at line 240 ¶		skipping to change at line 259 ¶
	just like it is for transitioning between other protocols like IPv4		just like it is for transitioning between other protocols like IPv4
	to IPv6.</t>		to IPv6.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Model-driven network management is generally a success where it has been		<t>Model-driven network management is generally a success where it has been
	implemented and is possible to use.</t>		implemented and is possible to use.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>More easily usable network management tools for the operators a re		<t>More easily usable network management tools for the operators a re
	needed. The lack of open-source tools is seen as a barrier to		needed. The lack of open-source tools is seen as a barrier to
	adoption. Tools need good use cases, example flows and better		adoption. Tools need good use cases, example flows, and better
	analysis of when and how they work and have been successful.</t>		analysis of when and how they work and have been successful.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="protocol-conclusions">		<section anchor="protocol-conclusions">
	<name>Protocol conclusions</name>		<name>Protocol Conclusions</name>
	<t>The following conclusions came while discussing Network Management		<t>The following conclusions were reached while discussing network man
	protocols, more specifically.</t>		agement protocols, more specifically.</t>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>NETCONF and YANG are not used much for monitoring tasks.</t>		<t>NETCONF and YANG are not used much for monitoring tasks.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>NETCONF and YANG do not have full coverage on many devices.</t>		<t>NETCONF and YANG do not have full coverage on many devices.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Polling-based solutions are still frequently deployed. Push-ba sed solutions are often desired but are not yet widely available.</t>		<t>Polling-based solutions are still frequently deployed. Push-ba sed solutions are often desired but are not yet widely available.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="modeling-conclusions">		<section anchor="modeling-conclusions">
	<name>Modeling conclusions</name>		<name>Modeling Conclusions</name>
	<t>The following conclusions came while discussing Network Management		<t>The following conclusions were reached while discussing network man
	modeling, more specifically.</t>		agement modeling, more specifically.</t>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>Some YANG models can become complex due to the underlying featu res they represent, not due to the language itself.</t>		<t>Some YANG models can become complex due to the underlying featu res they represent, not due to the language itself.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Multi-vendor compatibility support is required.</t>		<t>Multi-vendor compatibility support is required.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Even vendor-specific features, not just standardized protocol		<t>Even vendor-specific features, not just standardized protocol
	features, need to be exposed through network management models and protocols		features, need to be exposed through network management models and protocols
	for a network management ecosystem to be viable.</t>		for a network management ecosystem to be viable.</t>
	skipping to change at line 289 ¶		skipping to change at line 308 ¶
	<t>Network configuration needs to be verifiable to ensure any		<t>Network configuration needs to be verifiable to ensure any
	potential changes can be accepted by devices. Model translation		potential changes can be accepted by devices. Model translation
	adapters (likely performed on the management station, not the end		adapters (likely performed on the management station, not the end
	device) may be the best path forward to simultaneously achieve this		device) may be the best path forward to simultaneously achieve this
	and the goal of supporting one configuration set across a diversity		and the goal of supporting one configuration set across a diversity
	of devices with different internal models.</t>		of devices with different internal models.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="standardization-conclusions">		<section anchor="standardization-conclusions">
	<name>Standardization conclusions</name>		<name>Standardization Conclusions</name>
	<t>The following conclusions were reached while discussing the best wa ys to standardize network management protocols and associated models.</t>		<t>The following conclusions were reached while discussing the best wa ys to standardize network management protocols and associated models.</t>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>A methodology of rapid model development procedures is needed t o		<t>A methodology of rapid model development procedures is needed t o
	ensure model deployment can keep pace with new feature deployment.		ensure model deployment can keep pace with new feature deployment.
	We need a solution that significantly increases the speed and		We need a solution that significantly increases the speed and
	predictable timeline for developing and publishing models within		predictable timeline for developing and publishing models within
	the IETF. New approaches and methods to make models live outside		the IETF. New approaches and methods to make models live outside
	of published RFCs should be explored. An experiment should be		of published RFCs should be explored. An experiment should be
	started to test a new rapid development approach.</t>		started to test a new rapid development approach.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Protocol and model complexity should be reduced to keep additio ns		<t>Protocol and model complexity should be reduced to keep additio ns
	and changes to a minimal set of agreed-upon core features.</t>		and changes to a minimal set of agreed-upon core features.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>More standardization focus is needed on the scalability of the		<t>More standardization focus is needed on the scalability of the
	different roles of network management: monitoring, configuration,		different roles of network management: monitoring, configuration,
	notifications.</t>		and notifications.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Enhancements to network management protocols and models need to be		<t>Enhancements to network management protocols and models need to be
	backed by real-world operator use cases and expected adoption by		backed by real-world operator use cases and expected adoption by
	vendors. Vendors and operators will need to work together to		vendors. Vendors and operators will need to work together to
	ensure these goals are appropriately met.</t>		ensure these goals are appropriately met.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workneeded">		<section anchor="workneeded">
	<name>Conclusions that did not reach consensus during the takeaways di		<name>Conclusions That Did Not Reach Consensus During the Takeaways Di
	scussion</name>		scussion</name>
	<t>Here we list the things that the group realized needed significantl		<t>Here, we list the things that the group realized needed significant
	y more attention in order to come to a conclusion while updating the key takeawa		ly more attention in order to come to a conclusion, while updating the key takea
	ys in real time.</t>		ways in real time.</t>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>Some, but not all, saw NETCONF for configuration as being succe ssful in some larger-scale deployments. Although this statement is true in some contexts, many operators indicated their need to rely on other forms of access to manage their networks, such as CLIs, Expect scripts, and other protocols.</t>		<t>Some, but not all, saw NETCONF for configuration as being succe ssful in some larger-scale deployments. Although this statement is true in some contexts, many operators indicated their need to rely on other forms of access to manage their networks, such as CLIs, Expect scripts, and other protocols.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Many hope that NETCONF, and RESTCONF more specifically, will co ntinue to move to a long-term configuration management solution. However, some participants doubted whether the protocol and its data models can ever be truly ubiquitous and keep pace with the device deployment pace.</t>		<t>Many hope that NETCONF, and RESTCONF more specifically, will co ntinue to move to a long-term configuration management solution. However, some participants doubted whether the protocol and its data models can ever be truly ubiquitous and keep pace with the device deployment pace.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	<t>While many other items also need further discussion, this list spec ifically includes those that were actively discussed during the live editing ses sion in the workshop.</t>		<t>While many other items also need further discussion, this list spec ifically includes those that were actively discussed during the live editing ses sion in the workshop.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="not-covered-in-the-workshop">		<section anchor="not-covered-in-the-workshop">
	<name>Not Covered in the Workshop</name>		<name>Not Covered in the Workshop</name>
	<t>Some topics absent from the workshop discussions included tooling (what is currently missing) and strategies to support tool development (who pays, who develops, who maintains). The primary focus of the discussion was on YANG and N ETCONF/RESTCONF, while several other network management protocols and techniques currently used received less attention during the workshop. The discussion duri ng the workshop on possible future directions prioritized improving existing sol utions rather than introducing entirely new ones (such as enabling intelligence in network management).</t>		<t>Some topics absent from the workshop discussions included tooling (what is currently missing) and strategies to support tool development (who pays, who develops, and who maintains). The primary focus of the discussion was on YANG a nd NETCONF/RESTCONF, while several other network management protocols and techni ques currently used received less attention. During the workshop, the discussion on possible future directions prioritized improving existing solutions rather t han introducing entirely new ones (such as enabling intelligence in network mana gement).</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="security-considerations">		<section anchor="security-considerations">
	<name>Security Considerations</name>		<name>Security Considerations</name>
	<t>This document is a workshop report and does not impact the security of the Internet.</t>		<t>This document is a workshop report and does not impact the security of the Internet.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="iana-considerations">		<section anchor="iana-considerations">
	<name>IANA Considerations</name>		<name>IANA Considerations</name>
	<t>This document does not have any IANA considerations.</t>		<t>This document has no IANA actions.</t>
	<t>[Note to the RFC Editor: Please remove this section during publication.
	]</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</middle>		</middle>
	<back>		<back>
			<displayreference target="I-D.ietf-core-comi" to="CORECONF"/>
			<displayreference target="I-D.ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later" to="OP-REQ-NM
			"/>
	<references anchor="sec-informative-references">		<references anchor="sec-informative-references">
	<name>Informative References</name>		<name>Informative References</name>
	<reference anchor="RFC3535">		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.353
	<front>		5.xml"/>
	<title>Overview of the 2002 IAB Network Management Workshop</title>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.624
	<author fullname="J. Schoenwaelder" initials="J." surname="Schoenwaeld		1.xml"/>
	er"/>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.795
	<date month="May" year="2003"/>		0.xml"/>
	<abstract>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.804
	<t>This document provides an overview of a workshop held by the Inte		0.xml"/>
	rnet Architecture Board (IAB) on Network Management. The workshop was hosted by		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.830
	CNRI in Reston, VA, USA on June 4 thru June 6, 2002. The goal of the workshop wa		9.xml"/>
	s to continue the important dialog started between network operators and protoco		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.919
	l developers, and to guide the IETFs focus on future work regarding network mana		6.xml"/>
	gement. This report summarizes the discussions and lists the conclusions and rec		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ie
	ommendations to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) community. This memo		tf-core-comi.xml"/>
	provides information for the Internet community.</t>		<xi:include href="https://bib.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ie
	</abstract>		tf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later.xml"/>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="3535"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC3535"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC6241">
	<front>
	<title>Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)</title>
	<author fullname="R. Enns" initials="R." role="editor" surname="Enns"/
	>
	<author fullname="M. Bjorklund" initials="M." role="editor" surname="B
	jorklund"/>
	<author fullname="J. Schoenwaelder" initials="J." role="editor" surnam
	e="Schoenwaelder"/>
	<author fullname="A. Bierman" initials="A." role="editor" surname="Bie
	rman"/>
	<date month="June" year="2011"/>
	<abstract>
	<t>The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) defined in this docu
	ment provides mechanisms to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of
	network devices. It uses an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based data encodin
	g for the configuration data as well as the protocol messages. The NETCONF proto
	col operations are realized as remote procedure calls (RPCs). This document obso
	letes RFC 4741. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="6241"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC6241"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC7950">
	<front>
	<title>The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language</title>
	<author fullname="M. Bjorklund" initials="M." role="editor" surname="B
	jorklund"/>
	<date month="August" year="2016"/>
	<abstract>
	<t>YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration data
	, state data, Remote Procedure Calls, and notifications for network management p
	rotocols. This document describes the syntax and semantics of version 1.1 of the
	YANG language. YANG version 1.1 is a maintenance release of the YANG language,
	addressing ambiguities and defects in the original specification. There are a sm
	all number of backward incompatibilities from YANG version 1. This document also
	specifies the YANG mappings to the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF).</t
	>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="7950"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC7950"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC8040">
	<front>
	<title>RESTCONF Protocol</title>
	<author fullname="A. Bierman" initials="A." surname="Bierman"/>
	<author fullname="M. Bjorklund" initials="M." surname="Bjorklund"/>
	<author fullname="K. Watsen" initials="K." surname="Watsen"/>
	<date month="January" year="2017"/>
	<abstract>
	<t>This document describes an HTTP-based protocol that provides a pr
	ogrammatic interface for accessing data defined in YANG, using the datastore con
	cepts defined in the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF).</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8040"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8040"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC8309">
	<front>
	<title>Service Models Explained</title>
	<author fullname="Q. Wu" initials="Q." surname="Wu"/>
	<author fullname="W. Liu" initials="W." surname="Liu"/>
	<author fullname="A. Farrel" initials="A." surname="Farrel"/>
	<date month="January" year="2018"/>
	<abstract>
	<t>The IETF has produced many modules in the YANG modeling language.
	The majority of these modules are used to construct data models to model device
	s or monolithic functions.</t>
	<t>A small number of YANG modules have been defined to model service
	s (for example, the Layer 3 Virtual Private Network Service Model (L3SM) produce
	d by the L3SM working group and documented in RFC 8049).</t>
	<t>This document describes service models as used within the IETF an
	d also shows where a service model might fit into a software-defined networking
	architecture. Note that service models do not make any assumption of how a servi
	ce is actually engineered and delivered for a customer; details of how network p
	rotocols and devices are engineered to deliver a service are captured in other m
	odules that are not exposed through the interface between the customer and the p
	rovider.</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8309"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8309"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="RFC9196">
	<front>
	<title>YANG Modules Describing Capabilities for Systems and Datastore
	Update Notifications</title>
	<author fullname="B. Lengyel" initials="B." surname="Lengyel"/>
	<author fullname="A. Clemm" initials="A." surname="Clemm"/>
	<author fullname="B. Claise" initials="B." surname="Claise"/>
	<date month="February" year="2022"/>
	<abstract>
	<t>This document defines two YANG modules, "ietf-system-capabilities
	" and "ietf-notification-capabilities".</t>
	<t>The module "ietf-system-capabilities" provides a placeholder stru
	cture that can be used to discover YANG-related system capabilities for servers.
	The module can be used to report capability information from the server at runt
	ime or at implementation time by making use of the YANG instance data file forma
	t.</t>
	<t>The module "ietf-notification-capabilities" augments "ietf-system
	-capabilities" to specify capabilities related to "Subscription to YANG Notifica
	tions for Datastore Updates" (RFC 8641).</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9196"/>
	<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC9196"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="I-D.ietf-core-comi">
	<front>
	<title>CoAP Management Interface (CORECONF)</title>
	<author fullname="Michel Veillette" initials="M." surname="Veillette">
	<organization>Trilliant Networks Inc.</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Peter Van der Stok" initials="P." surname="Van der S
	tok">
	<organization>consultant</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Alexander Pelov" initials="A." surname="Pelov">
	<organization>IMT Atlantique</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Andy Bierman" initials="A." surname="Bierman">
	<organization>YumaWorks</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Carsten Bormann" initials="C." surname="Bormann">
	<organization>Universität Bremen TZI</organization>
	</author>
	<date day="6" month="May" year="2025"/>
	<abstract>
	<t> This document describes a network management interface for
	constrained devices and networks, called CoAP Management Interface
	(CORECONF). The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is used to
	access datastore and data node resources specified in YANG, or SMIv2
	converted to YANG. CORECONF uses the YANG to CBOR mapping and
	converts YANG identifier strings to numeric identifiers for payload
	size reduction. CORECONF extends the set of YANG based protocols,
	NETCONF and RESTCONF, with the capability to manage constrained
	devices and networks.
	</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-core-comi-20"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="I-D.ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years-later">
	<front>
	<title>An Update of Operators Requirements on Network Management Proto
	cols and Modelling</title>
	<author fullname="Mohamed Boucadair" initials="M." surname="Boucadair"
	>
	<organization>Orange</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Luis M. Contreras" initials="L. M." surname="Contrer
	as">
	<organization>Telefonica</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Oscar Gonzalez de Dios" initials="O. G." surname="de
	Dios">
	<organization>Telefonica</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Thomas Graf" initials="T." surname="Graf">
	<organization>Swisscom</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Reshad Rahman" initials="R." surname="Rahman">
	<organization>Equinix</organization>
	</author>
	<author fullname="Lionel Tailhardat" initials="L." surname="Tailhardat
	">
	<organization>Orange</organization>
	</author>
	<date day="7" month="August" year="2025"/>
	<abstract>
	<t> The IAB organized an important workshop to establish a dialog
	between
	network operators and protocol developers, and to guide the IETF
	focus on work regarding network management. The outcome of that
	workshop was documented in the "IAB Network Management Workshop" (RFC
	3535) which was instrumental for developing NETCONF and YANG, in
	particular.
	</t>
	</abstract>
	</front>
	<seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-nmop-rfc3535-20years
	-later-00"/>
	</reference>
	<reference anchor="SURVEY" target="https://ietf.iad1.qualtrics.com/jfe/for m/SV_9vQxBRiZqDntarc">		<reference anchor="SURVEY" target="https://ietf.iad1.qualtrics.com/jfe/for m/SV_9vQxBRiZqDntarc">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Next Era of Network Management Operations (NEMOPS) workshop sur vey</title>		<title>Next Era of Network Management Operations (NEMOPS) workshop sur vey</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="October"/>		<date year="2024" month="October"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="SURVEY-INSIGHTS" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/m eeting/interim-2024-nemopsws-02/materials/slides-interim-2024-nemopsws-02-sessa- 6-insights-from-operator-outreach-survey-03.pdf">		<reference anchor="SURVEY-INSIGHTS" target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/m eeting/interim-2024-nemopsws-02/materials/slides-interim-2024-nemopsws-02-sessa- 6-insights-from-operator-outreach-survey-03.pdf">
	skipping to change at line 560 ¶		skipping to change at line 433 ¶
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="November"/>		<date year="2024" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="NET-SNMP" target="http://www.net-snmp.org/">		<reference anchor="NET-SNMP" target="http://www.net-snmp.org/">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Net-SNMP</title>		<title>Net-SNMP</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>		<date/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="BORMANN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-nem opsws-paper-coreconf-managing-iot-devices-with-yang-models-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="BORMANN" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-nem opsws-paper-coreconf-managing-iot-devices-with-yang-models-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>CORECONF: Managing IoT Devices with YANG Models</title>		<title>CORECONF: Managing IoT Devices with YANG Models</title>
	<author initials="C." surname="Bormann" fullname="Carsten Bormann">		<author initials="C." surname="Bormann" fullname="Carsten Bormann">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="November"/>		<date year="2024" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	skipping to change at line 587 ¶		skipping to change at line 460 ¶
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="September"/>		<date year="2024" month="September"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="OPENCONFIG" target="https://www.openconfig.net/">		<reference anchor="OPENCONFIG" target="https://www.openconfig.net/">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>OpenConfig</title>		<title>OpenConfig</title>
	<author>		<author>
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date>n.d.</date>		<date/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="KELLER" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-nemo psws-nemops-rfc3535-and-the-forgotten-word-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="KELLER" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-nemo psws-nemops-rfc3535-and-the-forgotten-word-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>NEMOPS: RFC3535 and the forgotten word — Or Provisioning is onl y a subset of Network Management</title>		<title>NEMOPS: RFC3535 and the forgotten word - Or Provisioning is onl y a subset of Network Management</title>
	<author initials="N." surname="Warnke" fullname="Nils Warnke">		<author initials="N." surname="Warnke" fullname="Nils Warnke">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="R." surname="Geib" fullname="Rüdiger Geib">		<author initials="R." surname="Geib" fullname="Rüdiger Geib">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="M." surname="Horneffer" fullname="Martin Horneffer">		<author initials="M." surname="Horneffer" fullname="Martin Horneffer">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="H." surname="Keller" fullname="Holger Keller">		<author initials="H." surname="Keller" fullname="Holger Keller">
	skipping to change at line 707 ¶		skipping to change at line 580 ¶
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="D." surname="Voyer" fullname="Dan Voyer">		<author initials="D." surname="Voyer" fullname="Dan Voyer">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="P." surname="Lucente" fullname="Paolo Lucente">		<author initials="P." surname="Lucente" fullname="Paolo Lucente">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="D." surname="Lopez" fullname="Diego Lopez">		<author initials="D." surname="Lopez" fullname="Diego Lopez">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="I." surname="Martinez-Casanueva" fullname="Ignacio D ominguez Martinez-Casanueva">		<author initials="I. D." surname="Martinez-Casanueva" fullname="Ignaci o Dominguez Martinez-Casanueva">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="B." surname="Peters" fullname="Brad Peters">		<author initials="B." surname="Peters" fullname="Brad Peters">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="P." surname="Fasano" fullname="Paolo Fasano">		<author initials="P." surname="Fasano" fullname="Paolo Fasano">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="P." surname="Ran" fullname="Pang Ran">		<author initials="P." surname="Ran" fullname="Pang Ran">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	skipping to change at line 761 ¶		skipping to change at line 634 ¶
	<title>Evolving Network Management Architecture: Integrating CORECONF with NETCONF for Efficient Telemetry and Management</title>		<title>Evolving Network Management Architecture: Integrating CORECONF with NETCONF for Efficient Telemetry and Management</title>
	<author initials="M." surname="Gudi" fullname="Manoj Gudi">		<author initials="M." surname="Gudi" fullname="Manoj Gudi">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="A." surname="Pelov" fullname="Alexander Pelov">		<author initials="A." surname="Pelov" fullname="Alexander Pelov">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="L." surname="Toutain" fullname="Laurent Toutain">		<author initials="L." surname="Toutain" fullname="Laurent Toutain">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="J." surname="Bonnin" fullname="Jean-Marie Bonnin">		<author initials="J. M." surname="Bonnin" fullname="Jean-Marie Bonnin" >
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="November"/>		<date year="2024" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="FOROUGHI" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-ne mopsws-paper-projecting-data-mesh-to-model-driven-telemetry-a-path-to-data-ecosy stems-management-operations-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="FOROUGHI" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-ne mopsws-paper-projecting-data-mesh-to-model-driven-telemetry-a-path-to-data-ecosy stems-management-operations-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Projecting Data Mesh to Model-driven Telemetry: A Path to Data Ecosystem’s Management Operations</title>		<title>Projecting Data Mesh to Model-driven Telemetry: A Path to Data Ecosystem's Management Operations</title>
	<author initials="P." surname="Foroughi" fullname="Parisa Foroughi">		<author initials="P." surname="Foroughi" fullname="Parisa Foroughi">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="L." surname="Ciavaglia" fullname="Laurent Ciavaglia" >		<author initials="L." surname="Ciavaglia" fullname="Laurent Ciavaglia" >
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="November"/>		<date year="2024" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="MARTINEZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-ne mopsws-paper-iab-nemops-position-paper-telefonica-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="MARTINEZ" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-ne mopsws-paper-iab-nemops-position-paper-telefonica-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>IAB NEMOPS Position Paper - Telefonica</title>		<title>IAB NEMOPS Position Paper - Telefonica</title>
	<author initials="I." surname="Martinez-Casanueva" fullname="Ignacio D ominguez Martinez-Casanueva">		<author initials="I. D." surname="Martinez-Casanueva" fullname="Ignaci o Dominguez Martinez-Casanueva">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="November"/>		<date year="2024" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	<reference anchor="JIMENEZ-2" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-n emopsws-paper-managing-iot-devices-with-lwmm-00.pdf">		<reference anchor="JIMENEZ-2" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-n emopsws-paper-managing-iot-devices-with-lwmm-00.pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Managing IoT Devices with LwM2M</title>		<title>Managing IoT Devices with LwM2M</title>
	<author initials="J." surname="Jiménez" fullname="Jaime Jiménez">		<author initials="J." surname="Jiménez" fullname="Jaime Jiménez">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	skipping to change at line 849 ¶		skipping to change at line 722 ¶
	<reference anchor="SCHARF" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-nemo psws-paper-network-management-challenges-for-ip-based-cyber-physical-networks-00 .pdf">		<reference anchor="SCHARF" target="https://www.ietf.org/slides/slides-nemo psws-paper-network-management-challenges-for-ip-based-cyber-physical-networks-00 .pdf">
	<front>		<front>
	<title>Network Management Challenges for IP-based Cyber-Physical Netwo rks</title>		<title>Network Management Challenges for IP-based Cyber-Physical Netwo rks</title>
	<author initials="M." surname="Scharf" fullname="Michael Scharf">		<author initials="M." surname="Scharf" fullname="Michael Scharf">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2024" month="November"/>		<date year="2024" month="November"/>
	</front>		</front>
	</reference>		</reference>
	</references>		</references>
	<?line 574?>		<?line 608?>
	<section anchor="insights">		<section anchor="insights">
	<name>Operator Feedback</name>		<name>Operator Feedback</name>
	<t>This section compiles the operator feedback gathered through outreach a nd information gathering at various operational venues (RIPE, NANOG, APRICOT, LA CNIC, AutoConn, etc). The PC synthesized this input and presented it during the workshop (see <xref target="survey"/>).</t>		<t>This section compiles the operator feedback gathered through outreach a nd information gathering at various operational venues (RIPE, NANOG, APRICOT, LA CNIC, AutoConn, etc.). The PC synthesized this input and presented it during the workshop (see <xref target="survey"/>).</t>
	<section anchor="general">		<section anchor="general">
	<name>General</name>		<name>General</name>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>In network deployments, operations are typically at the bottom of the ladder. It's the most squeezed for time and resources. Network engineers ar e not typically seasoned developers. The development of needed in-house tools of ten takes years to develop. There is a need for tools that are easy to use and j ust work.</t>		<t>In network deployments, operations are typically at the bottom of the ladder. It's the most squeezed for time and resources. Network engineers ar e not typically seasoned developers. The development of needed in-house tools of ten takes years to develop. There is a need for tools that are easy to use and j ust work.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>The vast majority of smaller operators use CLI and open source to manage their networks.</t>		<t>The vast majority of smaller operators use CLI and open source to manage their networks.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>There is debate fatigue. The protocol/model debate is a recurring conversation. The problem isn’t going away.</t>		<t>There is debate fatigue. The protocol/model debate is a recurring conversation. The problem isn't going away.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>It was suggested that other domains (e.g., K8N/automation) are ye ars ahead of the current network engineering stack.</t>		<t>It was suggested that other domains (e.g., Kubernetes (K8s) / aut omation) are years ahead of the current network engineering stack.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Support for multiple friendly, stable and feature-rich libraries for programming languages is needed. Many DevOps routines use shell scripts, whi le others use a high-level programming language. In any case, on the client side , multiple programming languages are used.</t>		<t>Support for multiple friendly, stable, and feature-rich libraries for programming languages is needed. Many DevOps routines use shell scripts, wh ile others use a high-level programming language. In any case, on the client sid e, multiple programming languages are used.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Screen scraping is unfortunately necessary and painful. This most often occurs when interacting with a device having only a CLI.</t>		<t>Screen scraping is unfortunately necessary and painful. This most often occurs when interacting with a device that only has a CLI.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>It was noted that there could be an outreach to Academia to estab lish programs to teach lessons using modern management stacks, and then a new ge neration of engineers could help to improve tooling and automation, with univers ity (and/or IETF) hackathons.</t>		<t>It was noted that there could be an outreach to Academia to estab lish programs to teach lessons using modern management stacks, and then a new ge neration of engineers could help to improve tooling and automation, with univers ity (and/or IETF) hackathons.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="data-models">		<section anchor="data-models">
	<name>Data Models</name>		<name>Data Models</name>
	<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>		<ol spacing="normal" type="1"><li>
	<t>In some network deployments, the focus is solely on service-level models, such that device-level protocols and device-level models are unimportan t. This assumes the existence of a device adaptation layer to transcode service- level models to device-level models and conform to the device-specific protocol. </t>		<t>In some network deployments, the focus is solely on service-level models, such that device-level protocols and device-level models are unimportan t. This assumes the existence of a device adaptation layer to transcode service- level models to device-level models and conform to the device-specific protocol. </t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>There is a need for solutions to not hide vendor-specific paramet ers. Currently, vendors compete by differentiating their offerings in unique way s. The reason why an Operator may choose a particular vendor is because of its d ifferentiating features. Whilst standard models enable conformance, they must no t hide the vendor-specific parameters. YANG deviations are a partial solution to not hiding vendor knobs.</t>		<t>There is a need for solutions to not hide vendor-specific paramet ers. Currently, vendors compete by differentiating their offerings in unique way s. The reason why an operator may choose a particular vendor is because of its d ifferentiating features. Whilst standard models enable conformance, they must no t hide the vendor-specific parameters. YANG deviations are a partial solution to not hiding vendor knobs.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>It was emphasized that streaming telemetry requires picking a mod el and sticking with it. It is quite a commitment, and the current environment m akes the decision harder.</t>		<t>It was emphasized that streaming telemetry requires picking a mod el and sticking with it. It is quite a commitment, and the current environment m akes the decision harder.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>It was noted that IETF's focus should be on defining abstract/ser vice-level data models since it is the only thing the community may ever agree o n.</t>		<t>It was noted that IETF's focus should be on defining abstract/ser vice-level data models since it is the only thing the community may ever agree o n.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>It was noted that navigating standard models can be difficult. Th e Network Engineer knows the vendor CLI commands but has trouble locating the co rresponding leaves in the standard YANG models defined by SDOs.</t>		<t>It was noted that navigating standard models can be difficult. A network engineer knows the vendor CLI commands but has trouble locating the corr esponding leaves in the standard YANG models defined by Standards Development Or ganizations (SDOs).</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>There was a wish that the IETF and OpenConfig models would merge. </t>		<t>There was a wish that the IETF and OpenConfig models would merge. </t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ol>		</ol>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="recommendations">		<section anchor="recommendations">
	<name>Key Recommendations from Operator Feedback</name>		<name>Key Recommendations from Operator Feedback</name>
	<t>Various recommendations were made by the operators during the outreach events. The key ones presented during the workshop were (there were a lot more c ollected):</t>		<t>Various recommendations were made by the operators during the outreach events. The key ones presented during the workshop were (note that there were a lot more collected):</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Everyone: Continue to focus on model-driven management as a means t o achieve automation.</t>		<t>Everyone: Continue to focus on model-driven management as a means t o achieve automation.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>SDOs: Re-introduce “running code” as part of the specification veri fication process.</t>		<t>SDOs: Re-introduce "running code" as part of the specification veri fication process.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Operators: Be actively involved with the “running code” efforts.</t >		<t>Operators: Be actively involved with the "running code" efforts.</t >
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>IETF: Recommend a solution stack for common use cases.</t>		<t>IETF: Recommend a solution stack for common use cases.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Technology Ambassadors: Evangelize the recommended solution stack f or common cases.</t>		<t>Technology Ambassadors: Evangelize the recommended solution stack f or common cases.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Vendors: Support the recommended approach to the solution stack for common cases.</t>		<t>Vendors: Support the recommended approach to the solution stack for common cases.</t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="position-papers">		<section anchor="position-papers">
	<name>Position Papers</name>		<name>Position Papers</name>
	<t>20 position papers were submitted to the workshop call for papers. All papers are available at <eref target="https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/nemopsw s/materials/">https://datatracker.ietf.org/group/nemopsws/materials/</eref>.</t>		<t>20 position papers were submitted to the workshop call for papers. All papers are available at <eref brackets="angle" target="https://datatracker.ietf. org/group/nemopsws/materials/"/>.</t>
	<t>This is the list of all papers:</t>		<t>This is the list of all papers:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>J Schönwälder: Composable, Declarative, Reproducible, Verifiable Ne twork and Service Configurations <xref target="SCHONWALDER"/></t>		<t>J. Schönwälder: Composable, Declarative, Reproducible, Verifiable N etwork and Service Configurations <xref target="SCHONWALDER"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>K. Larsson, K. Lambrechts, and I. Farrer: RFC3535, 20 Years Later f rom an Operator’s Perspective (Deutsche Telekom) <xref target="FARRER"/></t>		<t>K. Larsson, K. Lambrechts, and I. Farrer: RFC3535, 20 Years Later f rom an Operator's Perspective (Deutsche Telekom) <xref target="FARRER"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>W. Hardaker: Lessons Learned from 30 Years of Net-SNMP <xref target ="HARDAKER"/></t>		<t>W. Hardaker: Lessons Learned from 30 Years of Net-SNMP <xref target ="HARDAKER"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>C. Bormann: CORECONF: Managing IoT Devices with YANG Models <xref t arget="BORMANN"/></t>		<t>C. Bormann: CORECONF: Managing IoT Devices with YANG Models <xref t arget="BORMANN"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>R. Shakir: Rethinking Standardisation of Network Management <xref t arget="SHAKIR"/></t>		<t>R. Shakir: Rethinking Standardisation of Network Management <xref t arget="SHAKIR"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>N. Warnke, R. Geib, M. Horneffer, and H. Keller: NEMOPS: RFC3535 an d the forgotten word — Or Provisioning is only a subset of Network Management <x ref target="KELLER"/></t>		<t>N. Warnke, R. Geib, M. Horneffer, and H. Keller: NEMOPS: RFC3535 an d the forgotten word - Or Provisioning is only a subset of Network Management <x ref target="KELLER"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>J. Jiménez, S. Mansfield, R. Rodriguez A., M. Pesonen, V. Torvinen, and J. Karvonen: Evolving Challenges and Solutions in Network Management <xref target="JIMENEZ"/></t>		<t>J. Jiménez, S. Mansfield, R. Rodriguez A., M. Pesonen, V. Torvinen, and J. Karvonen: Evolving Challenges and Solutions in Network Management <xref target="JIMENEZ"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>M. Boucadair, L. M. Contreras, O. Gonzalez de Dios, T. Graf, R. Rah man, and L. Tailhardat: RFC 3535, 20 Years Later: An Update of Operators Require ments on Network Management Protocols and Modelling <xref target="CONTRERAS"/></ t>		<t>M. Boucadair, LM. Contreras, O. Gonzalez de Dios, T. Graf, R. Rahma n, and L. Tailhardat: RFC 3535, 20 Years Later: An Update of Operators Requireme nts on Network Management Protocols and Modelling <xref target="CONTRERAS"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>T. Graf, H. Keller, D. Voyer, P. Lucente, B. Claise, R. Wilton, A. Huang-Feng, and P. Francois: Agile Incremental Driven Development for Network Ma nagement <xref target="GRAF"/></t>		<t>T. Graf, H. Keller, D. Voyer, P. Lucente, B. Claise, R. Wilton, A.  Huang-Feng, and P. Francois: Agile Incremental Driven Development for Network Ma nagement <xref target="GRAF"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>B. Claise, T. Graf, H. Keller, D. Voyer, P. Lucente, D. Lopez, I. D . Martinez-Casanueva, B. Peters, P. Fasano, P. Ran, W. Cheng, and M. Mackey: Kno wledge Graph Framework for Network Operations <xref target="CLAISE"/></t>		<t>B. Claise, T. Graf, H. Keller, D. Voyer, P. Lucente, D. Lopez, I. D . Martinez-Casanueva, B. Peters, P. Fasano, P. Ran, W. Cheng, and M. Mackey: Kno wledge Graph Framework for Network Operations <xref target="CLAISE"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>K. Watsen: Four Thoughts for How to Improve Network Management for Operators <xref target="WATSEN"/></t>		<t>K. Watsen: Four Thoughts for How to Improve Network Management for Operators <xref target="WATSEN"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>R. Wilton and N. Corran: Device Network Management: Current Status and Future Direction <xref target="WILTON"/></t>		<t>R. Wilton and N. Corran: Device Network Management: Current Status and Future Direction <xref target="WILTON"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>M. Gudi, A. Pelov, L. Toutain, and J.-M. Bonnin: Evolving Network M anagement Architecture: Integrating CORECONF with NETCONF for Efficient Telemetr y and Management <xref target="GUDI"/></t>		<t>M. Gudi, A. Pelov, L. Toutain, and J. M. Bonnin: Evolving Network M anagement Architecture: Integrating CORECONF with NETCONF for Efficient Telemetr y and Management <xref target="GUDI"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>P. Foroughi and L. Ciavaglia: Projecting Data Mesh to Model-driven Telemetry: A Path to Data Ecosystem’s Management Operations <xref target="FOROUG HI"/></t>		<t>P. Foroughi and L. Ciavaglia: Projecting Data Mesh to Model-driven Telemetry: A Path to Data Ecosystem's Management Operations <xref target="FOROUG HI"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>I. D. Martinez-Casanueva: IAB NEMOPS Position Paper - Telefonica <x ref target="MARTINEZ"/></t>		<t>I. D. Martinez-Casanueva: IAB NEMOPS Position Paper - Telefonica <x ref target="MARTINEZ"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>J. Jiménez: Managing IoT Devices with LwM2M <xref target="JIMENEZ-2 "/></t>		<t>J. Jiménez: Managing IoT Devices with LwM2M <xref target="JIMENEZ-2 "/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>L. M. Contreras, R. Schott, S. Randriamasy, R. Yang, and J. Ros-Gir alt: Towards a Unified Compute and Communication Infrastructure for Application and Network Management <xref target="GIRALT"/></t>		<t>LM. Contreras, R. Schott, S. Randriamasy, R. Yang, and J. Ros-Giral t: Towards a Unified Compute and Communication Infrastructure for Application an d Network Management <xref target="GIRALT"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>T. Eckert and M. Richardson: Resilient Remote Manageability of Wide -Area Network Infrastructures <xref target="ECKERT"/></t>		<t>T. Eckert and M. Richardson: Resilient Remote Manageability of Wide -Area Network Infrastructures <xref target="ECKERT"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>R. Bless: An Invariant for Future Resilient Network Management Oper ations <xref target="BLESS"/></t>		<t>R. Bless: An Invariant for Future Resilient Network Management Oper ations <xref target="BLESS"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>M. Scharf: Network Management Challenges for IP-based Cyber-Physica l Networks <xref target="SCHARF"/></t>		<t>M. Scharf: Network Management Challenges for IP-based Cyber-Physica l Networks <xref target="SCHARF"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workshop-participants">		<section anchor="workshop-participants">
	<name>Workshop Participants</name>		<name>Workshop Participants</name>
	<t>The workshop participants were Alex Huang, Alexander Clemm, Alexander P elov, Benoit Claise, Boris Khasanov, Brad Peters, Carsten Bormann, Chongfeng Xie , Cindy Morgan, Dan Voyer, Darren Loher, Dean Bogdanovic, Dean Bogdanović, Dhruv Dhody, Diego Lopez, Ebben Aries, Frank (Chong Feng), Holger Keller, Ian Farrer, Jaime Jimenez, James Cumming, Janne Karvonen, Jason Sterne, Jiaming Ye, Jinming Li, John Carson, Julien Maisonneuve, Jürgen Schönwälder, Kent Watsen, Kris Lamb rechts, Kristian Larsson, Laurent Ciavaglia, Laurent Toutain, Liz Flynn, Luis M. Contreras, Mahesh Jethanandani, Manoj Gudi, Martin Horneffer, Matthew Bocci, Me d Boucadair, Michael Mackey, Michael Richardson, Michael Scharf, Mikko Pesonen, Nacho Dominguez, Naveen Achyuta, Nick Corran, Nils Warnke, Oscar Gonzalez de Dio s, Paolo Lucente, Parisa Foroughi, Per Andersson, Phil Shafer, Qin Wu, Qiufang M a, Raquel Rodriguez, Reshad Rahman, Rob Shakir, Rob Wilton, Roland Bless, Roland Schott, Rüdiger Geib, Rui Zhuang, Ruibo Han, Sabine Randriamasy, Scott Mansfiel d, Scott Robohn, Shengnan Yue, Suresh Krishnan, Thomas Graf, Toerless Eckert, Wa ngbo, Warren Kumari, Wes Hardaker, Wim Henderickx, Xue Yang, Y. Richard Yang, Ya ngbo, Yisong Liu, and Zhenqiang Li.</t>		<t>The workshop participants were <contact fullname="Alex Huang"/>, <conta ct fullname="Alexander Clemm"/>, <contact fullname="Alexander Pelov"/>, <contact fullname="Benoît Claise"/>, <contact fullname="Boris Khasanov"/>, <contact full name="Brad Peters"/>, <contact fullname="Carsten Bormann"/>, <contact fullname=" Chongfeng Xie"/>, <contact fullname="Cindy Morgan"/>, <contact fullname="Dan Voy er"/>, <contact fullname="Darren Loher"/>, <contact fullname="Dean Bogdanovic"/> , <contact fullname="Dean Bogdanović"/>, <contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/>, <con tact fullname="Diego Lopez"/>, <contact fullname="Ebben Aries"/>, <contact fulln ame="Frank (Chong Feng)"/>, <contact fullname="Holger Keller"/>, <contact fullna me="Ian Farrer"/>, <contact fullname="Jaime Jimenez"/>, <contact fullname="James Cumming"/>, <contact fullname="Janne Karvonen"/>, <contact fullname="Jason Ster ne"/>, <contact fullname="Jiaming Ye"/>, <contact fullname="Jinming Li"/>, <cont act fullname="John Carson"/>, <contact fullname="Julien Maisonneuve"/>, <contact fullname="Jürgen Schönwälder"/>, <contact fullname="Kent Watsen"/>, <contact fu llname="Kris Lambrechts"/>, <contact fullname="Kristian Larsson"/>, <contact ful lname="Laurent Ciavaglia"/>, <contact fullname="Laurent Toutain"/>, <contact ful lname="Liz Flynn"/>, <contact fullname="Luis M. Contreras"/>, <contact fullname= "Mahesh Jethanandani"/>, <contact fullname="Manoj Gudi"/>, <contact fullname="Ma rtin Horneffer"/>, <contact fullname="Matthew Bocci"/>, <contact fullname="Med B oucadair"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Mackey"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Ri chardson"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Scharf"/>, <contact fullname="Mikko Peso nen"/>, <contact fullname="Nacho Dominguez"/>, <contact fullname="Naveen Achyuta "/>, <contact fullname="Nick Corran"/>, <contact fullname="Nils Warnke"/>, <cont act fullname="Oscar Gonzalez de Dios"/>, <contact fullname="Paolo Lucente"/>, <c ontact fullname="Parisa Foroughi"/>, <contact fullname="Per Andersson"/>, <conta ct fullname="Phil Shafer"/>, <contact fullname="Qin Wu"/>, <contact fullname="Qi ufang Ma"/>, <contact fullname="Raquel Rodriguez"/>, <contact fullname="Reshad R ahman"/>, <contact fullname="Rob Shakir"/>, <contact fullname="Rob Wilton"/>, <c ontact fullname="Roland Bless"/>, <contact fullname="Roland Schott"/>, <contact fullname="Rüdiger Geib"/>, <contact fullname="Rui Zhuang"/>, <contact fullname=" Ruibo Han"/>, <contact fullname="Sabine Randriamasy"/>, <contact fullname="Scott Mansfield"/>, <contact fullname="Scott Robohn"/>, <contact fullname="Shengnan Y ue"/>, <contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/>, <contact fullname="Thomas Graf"/>, <contact fullname="Toerless Eckert"/>, <contact fullname="Wangbo"/>, <contact f ullname="Warren Kumari"/>, <contact fullname="Wes Hardaker"/>, <contact fullname ="Wim Henderickx"/>, <contact fullname="Xue Yang"/>, <contact fullname="Y. Richa rd Yang"/>, <contact fullname="Yangbo"/>, <contact fullname="Yisong Liu"/>, and <contact fullname="Zhenqiang Li"/>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="workshop-program-committee">		<section anchor="workshop-program-committee">
	<name>Workshop Program Committee</name>		<name>Workshop Program Committee</name>
	<t>The workshop program committee members were Wes Hardaker (co-chair), Dh ruv Dhody (co-chair), Qin Wu, Suresh Krishnan, Benoît Claise, Mohamed Boucadair, Mahesh Jethanandani, Kent Watsen, and Warren Kumari.</t>		<t>The workshop program committee members were <contact fullname="Wes Hard aker"/> (co-chair), <contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/> (co-chair), <contact fulln ame="Qin Wu"/>, <contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/>, <contact fullname="Benoît Claise"/>, <contact fullname="Mohamed Boucadair"/>, <contact fullname="Mahesh J ethanandani"/>, <contact fullname="Kent Watsen"/>, and <contact fullname="Warren Kumari"/>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section numbered="false" anchor="iab-members-at-the-time-of-approval">		<section numbered="false" anchor="iab-members-at-the-time-of-approval">
	<name>IAB Members at the Time of Approval</name>		<name>IAB Members at the Time of Approval</name>
	<t>Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was appro ved for publication were:</t>		<t>Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was appro ved for publication were:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Matthew Bocci</t>		<t><contact fullname="Matthew Bocci"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Roman Danyliw</t>		<t><contact fullname="Roman Danyliw"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Dhruv Dhody</t>		<t><contact fullname="Dhruv Dhody"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Jana Iyengar</t>		<t><contact fullname="Jana Iyengar"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Cullen Jennings</t>		<t><contact fullname="Cullen Jennings"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Suresh Krishnan</t>		<t><contact fullname="Suresh Krishnan"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Mirja Kühlewind</t>		<t><contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Warren Kumari</t>		<t><contact fullname="Warren Kumari"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Jason Livingood</t>		<t><contact fullname="Jason Livingood"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Mark Nottingham</t>		<t><contact fullname="Mark Nottingham"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Tommy Pauly</t>		<t><contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Alvaro Retana</t>		<t><contact fullname="Alvaro Retana"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	<li>		<li>
	<t>Qin Wu</t>		<t><contact fullname="Qin Wu"/></t>
	</li>		</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgments">		<section numbered="false" anchor="acknowledgments">
	<name>Acknowledgments</name>		<name>Acknowledgments</name>
	<t>Thanks to Benoît Claise, Jürgen Schönwälder, Kristian Larsson, Jaime Ji		<t>Thanks to <contact fullname="Benoît Claise"/>, <contact fullname="Jürge
	ménez, Michael Richardson, Phil Shafer, Mirja Kühlewind, and Roman Danyliw for h		n Schönwälder"/>, <contact fullname="Kristian Larsson"/>, <contact fullname="Jai
	elpful suggestions to improve this report.</t>		me Jiménez"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Richardson"/>, <contact fullname="Phil
	<t>Thanks to Alvaro Retana for shepherding this document.</t>		Shafer"/>, <contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/>, and <contact fullname="Roman
			Danyliw"/> for helpful suggestions to improve this report.</t>
			<t>Thanks to <contact fullname="Alvaro Retana"/> for shepherding this docu
			ment.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</back>		</back>
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